Foot and Ankle

The foot and ankle are a complex unit that work together to provide stability, balance, and mobility to the lower extremities and disperse gravitational forces. The ankle joint is composed of three joints: the talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joint. The foot is made up of several bones, ligaments, and muscles (similar to the hand) that enables it to move in all three planes of motion and support the full weight of the body.

Injuries to the foot and ankle are some of the most common we treat due to their frequent use during everyday activities, sports, and exercise. Here are some of the most common issues that can affect the foot and ankle:

• Inversion Ankle Sprain: This occurs when the foot turns inward, causing damage to the ligaments on the outer side of the ankle.
• Eversion Ankle Sprain: When the foot turns outward, causing damage to the ligaments on the inner side of the ankle.
• High Ankle Sprain: Damage to the ligaments above the ankle joint, at the distal aspect of the tibiofibular joint which can result in delayed healing time.
• Achilles Tendinitis/Tendinosis: Normally an overuse injury that affects the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscle to the heel bone (calcaneus).
• Ankle Fracture: A broken bone in your ankle from trauma and can cause significant pain and limited range of motion if not addressed.
• Ligament Tears: Ligament tears can occur from sudden trauma, causing pain and limiting range of motion.
• Muscle Strains: Muscle strains can result for any reason, but most commonly from overuse, fatigue, or trauma.
• Plantar Fasciitis: A condition that affects the plantar fascia, dense tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot, often resulting in shooting pain, inability to bear weight, and can limit overall mobility.
• Osteophyte (Bone Spur): Growths, usually benign, that can develop on the bones of the foot and ankle.
• Stress Fractures: Cracks in the bone that can occur from overuse or repetitive impact and are usually found in people with osteoporosis.
• Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (Shin Splints): A very common condition, especially in runners, that can cause intense pain.
• Arthritis: A degenerative joint disease where the cartilage between joints breaks down and causes pain.
• Compartment Syndrome: A very serious condition that occurs when pressure builds up within the lower leg due to trauma, leading to reduced blood flow and nerve damage. This condition requires a trip to the ER.
• Hallux Valgus (Bunion): A “bump” that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe, causing pain and discomfort, and can limit movement.
• Hallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe): The joints in the base of the big toe can lose its mobility and cause pain.